Optimising the environmental benefits of emission reductions from UK coal- and oil-fired power stations: a critical loads approach

This paper describes a method for determining reductions of SO₂ emissions from coal- and oil-fired power stations, oil refineries and large industrial units in the UK taking into account their pollution potential. The method is based on the use of two gridded data sets: critical loads, which represent the sensitivity of the environment to acid deposition and modelled estimates of total (wet + dry) sulphur deposition for 646 point sources within the UK. An iterative method is used to identify and subsequently reduce emissions from point sources that contribute most to areas of critical loads exceedance. This paper demonstrates how the method may be used to determine an optimal allocation of emissions across the UK which yields the maximum amount of environmental protection per unit of emission.The paper then goes on to consider the changes that will have to take place within the UK power generation industry in order to meet the revised EC Large Combustion Plant Directive which comes into force on 1 January 2008. Particular emphasis is placed upon proposed emissions trading schemes and the environmental implications of allowing trading between stations with high and low pollution potentials. The paper concludes by suggesting that the emissions trading process should take into account the pollution potential of each source, irrespective of whether the proposed emission is within the plant's agreed emission limit. An approach based entirely on minimizing environmental damage rather than one which takes cost into account, as in current integrated assessment modelling, could provide an interesting approach across the rest of Europe.     

试论地震台站的组织结构和激励机制建设

本文对地震台站在新时期的台站管理进行了论述。指出在防震减灾基础建设的重要时期,地震台站的管理,首先需要转变管理理念,同时应完善组织结构建设,建立激励机制。这是完成中国地震局确定的《与时俱进、开拓创新,为全面实现地震台站的现代化而奋斗》重要工作之一。     

Transboundary air pollution balance in the new integrated European environment

Ten out of the 12 new EU members, used to belong to the so-called “former eastern block”, with a post WWII environmental policy radically different from the tendencies followed in Western Europe. The lack of conservation regulations has resulted in a rather harmful industrialization, regarding natural resources and environmental quality. While air pollution transfer is a phenomenon of transboundary level, there is a particular interest in examining the contribution of the new EU member states to the environmental pressure faced by the older member states and vice versa. The current study utilises the official data for almost 20 years published by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program concerning the transboundary transfer of NO_x and SO₂ in order to analyse the situation and discuss the present and future environmental policy regarding air pollution.     

试论地震台站的组织结构和激励机制建设

本文对地震台站在新时期的台站管理进行了论述。指出在防震减灾基础建设的重要时期，地震台站的管理，首先需要转变管理理念，同时应完善组织结构建设，建立激励机制。这是完成中国地震局确定的《与时俱进、开拓创新，为全面实现地震台站的现代化而奋斗》重要工作之一。     

基于转运站满负荷的北京市新东西城区生活垃圾物流优化方案研究

北京市新东城和新西城成立后迫切需要对现有生活垃圾物流方案进行优化,实现生活垃圾资源化处理.以北京市东西城区生活垃圾为研究对象,利用统计预测模型和GIS空间分析技术与方法,在分析了4个老城区生活垃圾产生量及所属密闭清洁站垃圾流向和流量基础上,提出了基于满负荷运行的三大转运站(马家楼、小武基和大屯)生活垃圾等距离收集运输优化物流模式,分析了现状及新物流模式下生活垃圾物料平衡.结果表明,与现状收集模式相比,等距离优化物流模式可使清运距离减少约9.3×105km.a-1,与现状相比减少10%;同时,基于三大转运站满负荷运转的,部分考虑海淀、丰台和朝阳区跨区运行的生活垃圾优化物流模式下,且充分利用现有的处理处置设施,可减少原生垃圾填埋量约28.3%.在优化模式的基础上若北京市正筹建的3座垃圾焚烧厂建成后,可使新东西城区生活垃圾焚烧、生化、填埋比例由现状1∶4.8∶4.2,达到3.8∶4.5∶1.7,可基本接近北京市2015年生活垃圾焚烧、堆肥和填埋比例达到4∶3∶3规划目标.     

电站运营对北溪下游水质影响探讨及改进建议

文章通过对利水电站坝上、坝下布设监测断面,进行为期近一个月的枯水期水质监测,分析上下游水质的变化以期对梯级电站的建设与运营对北溪下游水质的影响进行研究,认为梯级电站的建设运行,形成梯级水库,流速变缓,大气覆氧能力降低,水中溶解氧下降,导致水体自净能力减弱,使水环境容量降低,对污染物的稀释、混合和降解能力减弱,湖库富营养化是水库的主要生态环境问题。为此,提出污染防治对策,并提出当上游污染水团下泄时,作为补救和改善水质时电站应采取的运行方式,为今后河流的突发污染防治、水质保护与改善提供经验借鉴。     

浅谈如何加强县级环境监测站的能力建设和发展

落实全国环境监测工作会议精神,抓好县级环境监测站建设,推动农村环境监测工作开展。如何加强县级环境监测站能力建设,应从以下几个方面抓起:加快环境监测转型,提高县级监测站地位;加强环境监测队伍的能力建设,加大对其经济投入;加强专业技术水平、提升监测业务能力;加强环境监测质量管理体系建设,不断优化环境监测工作。     

地震台站观测系统的防雷技术——以陕西为例

雷电对地震观测台站的危害已成为影响台站长期稳定运行的重要因素之一。针对地震台站观测系统建设,从4个方面对避雷技术进行了分析设计。同时以陕西省的地震观测台站为例,具体说明了防雷措施的应用方法及应用效果。     

铁路中小站段污水排放规律及处理匹配技术研究

随着铁路通车里程的增长，铁路中小站段随之增加。但是大部分站段污水经过简单处理或不经处理排放，造成了环境的污染。通过对沈阳铁路局下属中小站站段调研，找出典型站段污水排放规律，并提出与之相匹配的污水处理技术。     

A methodological framework for improving air quality monitoring network layout. Applications to environment management

This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network (AQMN). It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of measurement sites. Nevertheless, the AQMN efficiency should be assessed over time, as a consequence of the possible emergence of new emission sources of air pollutants, which could lead to variations on their spatial distribution within the target area. PM₁₀ particles data monitored by the Community of Madrid's (Spain) AQMN between 2008 and 2017 were used to develop a methodology to optimize the AQMN performance. The annual spatial distribution of average PM₁₀ levels over the studied period monitored by all current stations vs those more representative was provided by a geographic information system (GIS), and the percentage of similarity between both postulates was quantified using simple linear regression (> 95%). As one innovative tool of this study, the practical application of the proposed methodology was validated using PM₁₀ particles data measured by AQMN during 2007 and 2018, reaching a similitude degree higher than 95%. The influence of temporal variation on the proposed methodological framework was around 20%.The proposed methodology sets criteria for identifying non-redundant stations within AQMN, it is also able to appropriately assess the representativeness of fixed monitoring sites within an AQMN and it complements the guidelines set by European legislation on air pollutants monitoring at fixed stations, which could help to tackle efforts to improve the air quality management.